不同秧龄对沿江地区双季晚稻秧苗素质及产量的影响

以早熟高产品种上农粳2号和镇稻18为材料,采用常规毯苗机械栽插,分别设置20 d、24 d、28 d、32 d等4个秧龄处理,研究不同秧龄对沿江地区双季晚稻秧苗素质、生育进程、茎蘖动态及产量构成的影响。结果表明,随秧龄天数增加,参试品种的绿叶数、茎基宽和根系盘结力均逐渐升高;与20 d、24 d和28 d秧龄的处理相比,32 d秧龄处理的成熟期提前4~5 d,茎蘖高峰期提早15 d左右,结实率显著升高;与24 d秧龄处理相比,上农粳2号和镇稻18在32 d秧龄处理下的产量分别提高10.26%和20.82%。在秧苗强化化控和苗床管理的条件下,安徽沿江地区常规毯苗机插的栽插秧龄可延长至32 d。     

Simultaneous selection for seed and forage production in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata): application of drought tolerance and susceptibility indices

An experiment was conducted to estimate drought tolerance of some cocksfoot genotypes based on seed and forage yield and related indices (including tolerance index, mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, reduction percentage index, stress tolerance index and stress susceptibility index) and to identify relationships between measured traits. Twenty‐five genotypes were evaluated in the field under control and drought‐stress environments over 2 years. The results revealed a high variation for seed yield and forage yield and the measured indices under both moisture conditions. No correlation was observed between seed yield and forage yield under the control treatment, but this correlation was positively significant under the water‐stress treatment. Drought‐tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified based on seed and forage yield performance. Genotypes 2, 4 and 7 had high seed yield, while genotypes 7 and 10 had high forage yield under both stressed and non‐stressed conditions and were identified as the most tolerant genotypes in each category. The results also revealed that genotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 24 had relatively high seed and forage yield in both control and drought‐stressed conditions. These genotypes can be used for further studies to improve both seed and forage yields concurrently.     

基于Meta分析评价秸秆覆盖对我国北方半干旱区不同生态区域小麦产量的影响

为了明确秸秆覆盖对我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温条件下小麦产量的影响,利用Meta定量分析方法分析秸秆覆盖和不同秸秆覆盖量对我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温条件下小麦产量的影响。以“半干旱区”、“秸秆覆盖”和“小麦产量”为关键词搜集、筛选并整理1970-2019年公开发表的相关文献,建立综合文献数据库。分析秸秆覆盖、不同秸秆覆盖量、不同年均降雨量和不同年均积温与小麦产量的关系。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可以增加北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温区域的小麦产量,主要通过增加有效穗数使小麦平均增产12.77%;当秸秆覆盖量为6 000~9 000kg/hm ²时,小麦增产率最高,为14.49%（9.01%~20.52%,CI>95%）;当年均降雨量为200~400mm时,小麦增产率最高,为19.36%（9.86%~28.49%,CI>95%）;当年均积温为0℃~3 000℃时,小麦增产率最高,为19.56%（16.36%~22.39%,CI>95%）。此研究结果可为我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温区域采用秸秆覆盖技术栽培小麦提供理论依据。     

春大棚基质化栽培辣椒品种比较试验

为了提高甜辣椒规模化、产业化生产的竞争力,进一步提高产量、效益和品质,加快甜辣椒栽培管理技术的推广和应用,特引进7个辣椒新品种并采用基质化栽培管理模式进行对比研究。通过对辣椒生长势、品质和产量的比较分析,结果表明:夏驰、国福908、海迈604表现突出,具有个大、肉厚、口感好、品质优、连续坐果性好等特点,而且产量、效益较高,抗病性强,适合设施基质化栽培生产,有很好的推广价值。     

Hybrid breeding for biomass yield in winter triticale: II. Combining ability and hybrid prediction

Accurate hybrid prediction and knowledge about the relative contribution of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) are of utmost importance for efficient hybrid breeding. We therefore evaluated 91 triticale single-cross hybrids in field trials at seven environments for plant height, heading time, fresh biomass, dry matter content and dry biomass. Fresh and dry biomass showed the highest proportion (23%) of variance due to SCA. Prediction accuracies based on GCA were slightly higher than based on mid-parent values. Utilizing parental kinship information yielded the highest prediction accuracies when both parental lines have been tested in other hybrid combinations, but still moderate-to-low prediction accuracies for two untested parents. Thus, hybrid prediction for biomass traits in triticale is currently promising based on mid-parent values as emphasized by our simulation study, but can be expected to shift to GCA-based prediction with an increasing importance of GCA due to selection in hybrid breeding. Moreover, the performance of potential hybrids between newly developed lines can be predicted with moderate accuracy using genomic relationship information.     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应

红壤稻田面临土壤酸化和肥力偏低的双重挑战。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是稻田土壤酸化改良和培肥的有效措施,但二者的互作效应尚不清楚。本研究连续4年(2015—2018年)在江西省开展施石灰和秸秆还田双因素田间定位试验,旨在探明施石灰和秸秆还田对红壤双季稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应。结果表明,施石灰和秸秆还田均显著提高了早、晚稻的产量和氮素吸收,且二者具显著的协同促进效应。秸秆还田下,施石灰使早稻产量和氮素吸收分别增加10.7%和15.5%;而在秸秆不还田下,增幅仅分别为4.4%和9.7%。秸秆还田下,石灰使晚稻产量和氮素吸收分别提高18.7%和24.6%;但在秸秆不还田下,增幅则分别为10.5%和5.7%。施石灰对早、晚稻产量和氮素吸收的促进效应随试验年限的增加而减弱。石灰对土壤pH值的提升效应随试验年限的延长显著降低。试验4年后,石灰对土壤有机质和全氮含量均无显著影响;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机质含量,而对全氮含量无显著影响。因此,秸秆还田配施石灰能够协同实现双季稻增产、土壤酸化改良与培肥。本研究表明在此酸性的红壤双季稻田上每4年左右施用一次石灰为宜。     

亏缺灌溉对南疆棉花生长和水分利用的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺、作物水分利用效率低等问题,以棉花为试验材料进行田间小区试验,在棉花现蕾期、开花期以及结铃期分别设置3个亏缺灌溉水平(W₁:50%ET_c,W₂:65%ET_c,W₃:80%ET_c,ET_c为作物蒸发蒸腾量),以全生育期100%ET_c灌溉处理为对照(CK),研究膜下滴灌条件下,不同生育期亏缺灌溉对棉花生长、产量、氮素吸收和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:现蕾期亏水对棉花株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质生长、氮素吸收和产量有不同程度的抑制效应,但复水后补偿效应显著,其中轻度亏水(W₃)在籽棉产量减少3.48%的条件下,WUE高达1.57 kg/m³,显著高于CK的1.48 kg/m³;开花期亏水,棉花的各项生长指标均有显著降低,复水后补偿效应不显著,不利于棉花生长发育;结铃期亏水对棉花地上干物质累积、氮素吸收和产量均有显著的抑制效应,但在W₂和W₃水平下,WUE均达1.51 kg/m³.综合考虑在保证棉花产量的同时达到节水增产的目的,可在棉花蕾期进行80%ET_c灌水,其他生育阶段实施充分灌溉,来控制营养生长,促进生殖生长,获得更高的水分利用效率.     

Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

不同外援营养液对白灵菇生长的影响

以白灵菇菌株TN01为试材,选取香菇、杏鲍菇、白玉菇3种食用菌菇根为原料配制外援营养液,测定各营养液主要成分含量,并研究了不同类型与浓度营养液对白灵菇菌丝及子实体生长的影响,以期为白灵菇的高产栽培技术提供参考依据。结果表明:与常规PDA培养基相比,适量加入白玉菇菇根提取液可提高白灵菇菌丝生长速度;添加外援营养液对子实体的农艺性状影响不大,对产量有一定的促进作用,其中施用香菇菇根提取液的白灵菇子实体产量最高,小区总产量与对照相比提高了54.6%。施用香菇菇根提取液后对白灵菇子实体中的硝酸盐含量及蛋白质含量有提升的效果,但对亚硝酸盐及粗纤维含量无促增长的效果。